Asian Journal of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

Biomedical implants increasingly depend on materials engineered not only for load bearing or structural replacement, but also for controlled interactions with bone, soft tissue, blood, immune cells, microorganisms and diagnostic or therapeutic systems. This critical narrative review evaluates recent developments in metallic, ceramic, polymeric and composite implant materials, with emphasis on how material selection, surface engineering, additive manufacturing and degradability translate into clinical performance. Literature published from 1 January 2015 to 26 June 2026 was identified through live searches of major biomedical and multidisciplinary scholarly sources, with priority given to human clinical evidence, comparative studies, systematic reviews and mechanistically informative studies relevant to emerging technologies. Titanium and its alloys remain the most mature general-purpose platforms because of their corrosion resistance, mechanical reliability and capacity for surface-mediated osseointegration, although tribocorrosion, particulate release and uncommon hypersensitivity-like reactions complicate the assumption of universal biological inertness. Cobalt-chromium alloys retain value where wear resistance is critical but require careful surveillance of metal-debris-related complications. Porous tantalum provides favourable fixation in demanding reconstructive settings, while magnesium alloys offer clinically credible bioresorption in selected orthopaedic and coronary applications but remain constrained by degradation control. Zirconia, alumina-based ceramics, hydroxyapatite coatings and bioactive glasses provide complementary biological and tribological functions, whereas polyetheretherketone and carbon-fibre-reinforced polyetheretherketone offer radiolucency and mechanical tailoring but often require interface modification to address limited intrinsic bioactivity. Additive manufacturing has shifted the field towards patient-specific geometry and controlled porosity, yet its benefits depend on validated processing, post-processing and long-term fatigue performance. Antimicrobial and responsive surfaces are scientifically promising, but the evidence remains more mature in laboratory and observational settings than in definitive comparative clinical trials. Future progress therefore depends less on identifying a universally superior material than on matching material, architecture, surface state, degradation behaviour and monitoring strategy to a defined anatomical and clinical problem.